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41.
42.
The crucial parameter used to calculate turbulence effects upon light waves propagating through the atmosphere is known as
the structure constant, . As Tatarski has shown, this parameter depends upon the “outer scale” of the inertial sub-range of the turbulence. Recently
there have been successful predictions of astronomical “seeing” conditions at Mauna Kea Astronomical Observatory which have
increased interest in this subject and in the use of the so-called “Dewan Optical Turbulence Model”. In the case of the Air
Force, there has been a longstanding need for such optical turbulence prediction, especially in the stratosphere. In the past
researchers have used a relation due to Tatarski, (which plays a prominent role in this model) in order to deduce values of
the “outer scale” from measurements. When doing this, they have been surprised to find values very much smaller than expected. The goal of the paper
is to explain this unexpected result. As we will show, this result can be explained by two factors: (a) the average turbulent
layer thicknesses are smaller than originally believed, and, more importantly, (b) only a minor fraction of the stratosphere
is turbulent. In order to arrive at this conclusion, we used the high-resolution (10 m) wind profiles that were originally
used to formulate the previously mentioned optical turbulence model.
The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
43.
The grand skink, Oligosoma grande, is a diurnal rock-dwelling lizard from the tussock grasslands of Central Otago, New Zealand, whose diet includes a variety
of arthropods and fruit. We conducted a field experiment to examine the influence of prey distribution on foraging behavior
and spacing patterns. On sites where prey distribution was unaltered (control sites), males and females differed in diet and
foraging behavior. Most male feeding attempts were directed at large strong-flying insects, and males used a saltatory search
pattern that involved relatively infrequent moves of long duration. Females spent more effort catching small weak-flying insects
and visiting fruiting plants. Their search behavior involved frequent moves of short duration. The placement of meat-bait
on experimental sites led to a redistribution of large flies without influencing other prey types. Experimental females switched
foraging strategy by adopting a search pattern of relatively infrequent moves of long duration, increasing the frequency of
attempts to capture large prey, and reducing the importance of fruit in their diet. The experimental manipulation appeared
to influence space use. On control sites, both sexes had comparably sized home ranges. On experimental sites, male home ranges
were significantly larger than female home ranges.
Received: 3 November 1997 / Accepted after revision: 13 December 1998 相似文献
44.
北京市夏季空气微生物粒度分布特征 总被引:19,自引:6,他引:13
着重研究了夏季空气微生物的粒度分布特征,比较分析了北京市空气微生物粒度分布的变化状况.结果表明:空气细菌、空气真菌和空气放线菌的粒度分布特征各不相同, 并且不随着时间和空间的变化而变化.空气细菌呈偏态分布,大于2.0 μm的粒子约占总数的80.0%,小于1.0 μm的粒子最少,约占9.0%.空气真菌呈对数正态分布,1.0~6.0 μm的粒子约占70.0%,小于1.0 μm的粒子最少,约占5.0%.空气放线菌粒度分布与正态分布恰好相反,大于8.2 μm和小于1.0 μm的粒子约占60.0%;3.0~6.0 μm的粒子最少,约占10.0%.此外不同功能区优势真菌粒度分布规律基本一致.枝孢属(Cladosporium),青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus)粒度主要分布在F3,F4和F5(1.0~6.0 μm)中,约占总数的85.0%,呈对数正态分布.而交链孢属(Alternaria)和无孢菌(nonsporing)主要分布在前4级(>2.0 μm),分别约占总数的90.0%和75.0%,呈偏态分布.在过去10年的城市化进程中,北京市空气微生物粒度分布的基本趋势没有变化,但是空气真菌粒度分布的峰值由原来的3.0~6.0 μm降低到2.0~3.0 μm. 相似文献
45.
Li Yang Tao Chen Kai-Chong Shi Lu Zhang Ngwe Lwin Peng-Fei Fan 《Conservation biology》2023,37(1):e14045
Species shift their distribution in response to climate and land-cover change, which may result in a spatial mismatch between currently protected areas (PAs) and priority conservation areas (PCAs). We examined the effects of climate and land-cover change on potential range of gibbons and sought to identify PCAs that would conserve them effectively. We collected global gibbon occurrence points and modeled (ecological niche model) their current and potential 2050s ranges under climate-change and different land-cover-change scenarios. We examined change in range and PA coverage between the current and future ranges of each gibbon species. We applied spatial conservation prioritization to identify the top 30% PCAs for each species. We then determined how much of the PCAs are conserved in each country within the global range of gibbons. On average, 31% (SD 22) of each species’ current range was covered in PAs. PA coverage of the current range of 9 species was <30%. Nine species lost on average 46% (SD 29) of their potential range due to climate change. Under climate-change with an optimistic land-cover-change scenario (B1), 12 species lost 39% (SD 28) of their range. In a pessimistic land-cover-change scenario (A2), 15 species lost 36% (SD 28) of their range. Five species lost significantly more range under the A2 scenario than the B1 scenario (p = 0.01, SD 0.01), suggesting that gibbons will benefit from effective management of land cover. PA coverage of future range was <30% for 11 species. On average, 32% (SD 25) of PCAs were covered by PAs. Indonesia contained more species and PCAs and thus has the greatest responsibility for gibbon conservation. Indonesia, India, and Myanmar need to expand their PAs to fulfill their responsibility to gibbon conservation. Our results provide a baseline for global gibbon conservation, particularly for countries lacking gibbon research capacity. 相似文献
46.
The effect of seawater salinity on nitrite accumulation in short-range nitrification to nitrite as the end product was studied by using a SBR. Experimental results indicated that the growth of nitrobacteria was inhibited and very high levels of nitrite accumulation at different salinities were achieved under the conditions of 25--28℃, pH 7.5--8.0, and the influent ammonia nitrogen of 40--70mg/L when seawater flow used to flush toilet was less than 35% (salinity 12393 mg/L, Cl^- 6778mg/L) of total domestic wastewater flow, which is mainly ascribed to much high chlorine concentration of seawater. Results showed that high seawater salinity is available for short-range nitrification to nitrite as the end product. When the seawater flow used to flush toilet accounting for above 70% of the total domestic wastewater flow, the removal efficiency of ammonia was still above 80% despite the removal of organics declined obviously(less than 60% ). It was found that the effect of seawater salinity on the removal of organics was negative rather than positive one as shown for ammonia removal. 相似文献
47.
辽宁中部城市群灰霾天气的外来影响——个案分析 总被引:8,自引:3,他引:8
利用MODIS卫星资料、空气质量监测资料、地面气象资料及后向轨迹方法,分析研究了2011年10月28-29日辽宁中部城市群一次灰霾天气过程.结果表明:此次辽宁中部城市群灰霾过程主要受京津冀外来灰霾污染的影响;在高压后部弱西南气流天气形势控制下,近地面的西南气流通过辽西走廊和海上通道,将京津冀地区灰霾污染物传输至辽宁中部地区,从而造成辽宁中部城市群灰霾污染过程;MODIS卫星图和后向轨迹图显示的灰霾范围、传输路径及PM10浓度跃变点自南向北推移的时间变化也支持这一结论.虽然“联防联控”是治理区域灰霾污染的重要手段,但也要看到区域灰霾污染的跨区域影响问题. 相似文献
48.
2013年《企业环境信用评价办法(试行)》印发后,各地在健全环保信用评价制度上做了不少探索,一些专家、学者也对企业环保信用评价制度做了一些研究,但针对全国实施情况和地区实施差异性的总体研究和深度总结较少。本文在系统搜集我国31个省、自治区、直辖市所发布的企业环保信用评价政策文件的基础上,从评价范围、评价方法和评价结果等方面对结合地方特点制订的21份文件进行剖析,并对政策实施效果及执行中存在的问题进行总结归纳,最后提出加快立法进度、完善政策体系和强化结果应用等对策建议。 相似文献
49.
Breeding Distributions of North American Bird Species Moving North as a Result of Climate Change 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract: Geographic changes in species distributions toward traditionally cooler climes is one hypothesized indicator of recent global climate change. We examined distribution data on 56 bird species. If global warming is affecting species distributions across the temperate northern hemisphere, these data should show the same northward range expansions of birds that have been reported for Great Britain. Because a northward shift of distributions might be due to multidirectional range expansions for multiple species, we also examined the possibility that birds with northern distributions may be expanding their ranges southward. There was no southward expansion of birds with a northern distribution, indicating that there is no evidence of overall range expansion of insectivorous and granivorous birds in North America. As predicted, the northern limit of birds with a southern distribution showed a significant shift northward (2.35 km/year). This northward shift is similar to that observed in previous work conducted in Great Britain: the widespread nature of this shift in species distributions over two distinct geographical regions and its coincidence with a period of global warming suggests a connection with global climate change. 相似文献
50.
Christian Damgaard 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2006,13(2):229-236
A methodology for estimating environmental thresholds of binary presence–absence data is presented where the level of the
threshold is parameterised. Presence–absence data is fitted to three complementary different models: an independent null-model,
a monotonically increasing or decreasing model, and an optimum model. The range of the three models is strictly between zero
and one and the models are therefore well suited for modelling presence probabilities. The results of the three models may
be combined by using Bayesian model selection methodologies. The proposed methodology is exemplified on observed binary presence–absence
data of Bauera rubioides along an elevation gradient.
Received: May 2005 / Revised: July 2005
An erratum to this article is available at. 相似文献